What damp and mould actually do to a household, and how we find out
what is causing yours.
Almost everybody who calls us about mould apologises for it first. They should not have to
— and the government guidance on this says so in stronger terms than we would dare to.
We are absolutely clear that it is totally unreasonable to blame damp and mould in the
home on ‘lifestyle choices’. It is unavoidable that everyday tasks, such as
cooking, bathing, washing and drying laundry will contribute to the production of indoor
moisture.
UK Health Security AgencyUnderstanding and addressing the health risks of damp and
mould in the home, 2023
10–15litres
of water go into the air of a four-person home every day, just from
living in it — showering, cooking, drying washing, breathing.
0.65litres
from two adults asleep for eight hours, in one room, with the door shut. Nobody is going
to stop doing that.
10–12hours
a child spends in that room a night — which by four in the morning is the coldest,
stillest, dampest place in the house.
None of it is optional
The only question is whether that water has somewhere to go. In a house that has been
draught-proofed, double-glazed and had its chimneys blocked up, usually it has not —
so it finds the coldest surface in the room and sits on it. That is why the mould is always
in the same places: behind the wardrobe on the outside wall, in the window reveal, in the
corner where the ceiling meets the gable.
It is a moisture problem with a mechanical cause, and it is why we measure before we
recommend anything.
Children get the worst of it
UKHSA names them among those at greater risk, describing
children and young people whose organs are still developing and are therefore more
likely to suffer from physical conditions such as respiratory problems.
And it is where they are that concentrates it. Ten to twelve hours a night, in one room,
with the door shut, in the coldest and dampest air in the house — which is exactly
where the mould grows, and exactly when they are breathing hardest against it.
What the evidence says
The occupants of damp or mouldy buildings, both houses and public buildings, are at
increased risk of respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections and exacerbation of
asthma.
World Health Organization · Guidelines for Indoor Air
Quality: Dampness and Mould, 2009
Some people who are exposed to damp and mould might experience poor mental health as
a result of living in a home with damp and mould.
UK Health Security Agency · Understanding and addressing
the health risks of damp and mould in the home, 2023
House dust mites — one of the commonest asthma triggers in this country —
need humid air to thrive, and their numbers fall as indoor humidity is brought down.
Ventilation is the lever that moves it.
Why the humidity reading matters more than the mould you can see
In November 2022, a coroner concluded that two-year-old Awaab Ishak had died from a severe
respiratory condition caused by prolonged exposure to mould in his home. It is the reason
Awaab’s Law exists, and the reason damp and mould stopped being treated as a decorating
job.
We are not doctors, and this page is not medical advice. The part that is ours is the
mechanical part, and it is the part that fixes it:
moisture that has somewhere to go does not condense on your walls, and mould with no
water does not grow. Everything else on this page is about working out what
“somewhere to go” means for your particular home.
Sources. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality:
Dampness and Mould (2009). UK Health Security Agency and the housing department,
Understanding and addressing the health risks of damp and mould in the home (first
published September 2023). Moisture generation figures from BS 5250 and BRE guidance.
Quotations are reproduced as published.
Start with what you can actually see
Most people arrive here with a symptom rather than a diagnosis, and the symptom is usually
enough to narrow it down. Each of these explains what is happening and what genuinely fixes it
— no form, no email address, just the answer.
Mould is a symptom. Painting over it, or fitting a bigger fan without knowing why the moisture
is there, tends to move the problem rather than solve it. Here is how we work out the cause.
01
We measure, before we recommend
Relative humidity and temperature in each affected room, surface temperatures on the walls
where mould is showing, and the airflow your existing extract fans are actually achieving —
which is very often a fraction of what they are rated for.
02
We find where the moisture is coming from
Showering, cooking and drying washing indoors put several litres of water into the air every
day. We work out how much your home is generating, where it is settling, and whether the
cause is condensation, a cold bridge, penetrating damp or rising damp — because the fix is
different for each.
03
We check the cold surfaces
Mould grows where warm, damp air meets a cold surface — behind wardrobes on external walls,
at loft and joist junctions, in window reveals. Finding those cold spots explains why the
mould is exactly where it is, and often why it keeps coming back in the same place.
04
You get a written report and a costed option
What we found, what is causing it, and what would fix it — with the ventilation option sized
properly for your property and the Part F position set out clearly. If a system is not the
right answer for your home, we will tell you that too.
Approved Document F sets a minimum extract rate for every wet room, and a minimum ventilation
rate for the dwelling as a whole \u2014 and nothing at all for a living room or a
conservatory, which is a thing worth knowing rather than a gap. Both have to be met. This works out what those minimums are
for your property, and flags where the whole-dwelling figure is the one that governs.
Work out my minimum ratesTakes about a minute
1 How is the property ventilated?
2 Which rooms does it have?
Wet rooms have an extract rate. Dry rooms \u2014 living room, dining room, conservatory \u2014 do not, and adding them shows what they need instead.
3 The dwelling as a whole
All storeys added together.
4 Does yours actually do this?
This is the part the figure above cannot tell you. A fan can be running,
sound powerful, and still be moving well under half of what it says on
the box — and nothing you can see or hear will tell you which.
It’s running — proves the motor turns, nothing
more. Ducting decides how much air actually leaves the room.
It’s noisy — often a sign of restriction, not of
airflow. A struggling fan is usually a louder one.
Tissue sticks to the grille — a few litres a second
will hold paper up. It tells you the direction, not the rate.
The only thing that settles it is a calibrated anemometer held at the
terminal, which is a ten minute job per room. That measurement is also
what Building Control, a landlord, or an insurer will ask for —
an opinion is not evidence, and a reading is.
Indicative only — not a compliance certificate. These are the minimum rates from
Approved Document F (2021, Volume 1: Dwellings) for England. A minimum is a floor, not a target:
duct length, bends, terminal type and filter condition all reduce what a fan actually delivers,
and a system that meets the figure on paper regularly fails it on site. Commissioning with a
calibrated anemometer is the only way to prove a rate has been achieved. Wales, Scotland and
Northern Ireland have their own regulations.
The Part F rates, in plain numbers
The figures the calculator above is working from, written out — because these are the
numbers people ring up and ask for, and there is no reason to make anybody use a tool to get
them.
15 litres per second for an intermittent extract fan, from Table 1.1 of Approved Document F (2021, Volume 1). Where the bathroom is served by a continuous system instead, there is no separate per-room continuous figure to quote: Table 1.2 gives a high rate for boost, and the requirement is that the total continuous extract across the whole dwelling meets the whole-dwelling rate in Table 1.3. The figure is a minimum for the system as installed and measured, not the rating printed on the fan — duct length, bends and terminal type all take something off what actually leaves the room.
60 litres per second, unless there is a cooker hood that extracts to the outside, in which case it is 30. Table 1.1 splits on that and not on where the extract is sited, which is the detail that catches people out: a recirculating hood sits directly over the hob and does not qualify, because it filters the grease and the smell and returns the steam to the room. A kitchen with a recirculating hood needs 60. So does a kitchen with nothing but a wall extract fan, because an extract fan is not a cooker hood.
30 litres per second for a utility room and 6 litres per second for a WC, both intermittent, from Table 1.1 of Approved Document F (2021, Volume 1). The utility figure is the one most often missed on a refit, because a utility room is usually treated as a cupboard with a machine in it rather than as a wet room — and a tumble dryer or an airer in there puts around two litres of water into the house per load.
Table 1.3 of Approved Document F sets it by the number of bedrooms: 19 litres per second for one bedroom, then 25, 31, 37 and 43 for two, three, four and five, plus 6 litres per second for each bedroom beyond the fifth. There is a second test as well — 0.3 litres per second for every square metre of internal floor area — and the higher of the two figures applies, so the floor area has to be measured rather than assumed. One footnote is worth knowing: a dwelling with only one habitable room, which means a studio, takes 13 litres per second rather than the one-bedroom figure.
Not an extract rate, no, and that is the point rather than an omission. Extract rates in Table 1.1 apply to wet rooms — kitchen, utility, bathroom, WC. A living room, dining room, study or conservatory carries no extract requirement at all. What those rooms do need is their share of the whole-dwelling supply from Table 1.3, and a background ventilator so replacement air can get in. There is one trap worth naming: a conservatory with an openable door between it and the rest of the house sits outside the calculation entirely, and permanently knocking that door through is one of the commonest ways a house quietly stops complying.
Only by measuring it at the terminal, with a meter, once it is installed. The rating on the box is what the fan achieves on a test rig with nothing attached to it, and every metre of duct, every bend, every grille and every insect screen reduces it — a fan sold as 15 l/s on four metres of sagging flexible duct with two bends can be delivering half that while sounding exactly the same. Noise is not airflow. A ceiling valve is measured with a capture hood rather than a vane meter waved near it, because a vane reads the air going past the vane and not the air going through the terminal. We give the readings for every terminal in writing, which is also what goes on a commissioning certificate.
Is yours actually doing its job?
The check above tells you the rate your home has to meet. This one tells you
whether it is likely meeting it. Six questions, about a minute, and you can
answer all of them standing in your own bathroom.
Six answers, not a measurement. This cannot tell you whether
your home meets Approved Document F — only an airflow reading at each
terminal can do that, and that is a job with a meter rather than a
questionnaire. What it can do is tell you whether it is worth having one
taken.
Landlords, letting agents & managing agents
Damp in a let property is a different job
Not because the physics changes — it does not — but because you need the
paperwork as much as the fix. A survey that says which of the three damps it actually is,
the work that meets Part F, and commissioning figures in writing, so the file stands
up if a tenant, a council or an insurer ever asks.
It is almost always the landlord’s duty, and not because of Awaab’s Law — that is social housing and is not in force for the private rented sector. What applies to you today is the Fitness for Human Habitation Act 2018, which a tenant can act on themselves.
“The tenant dries washing indoors” is not a defence. A household of four puts 10–15 litres of water a day into a home. The question is whether the property can deal with it.
Portfolios are surveyed as a batch, reported in one comparable format, and scheduled around tenancies rather than around us.
In most cases, yes. Building Regulations Part F sets minimum ventilation requirements whenever you're altering a wet room or kitchen, replacing windows, or changing the layout of extract points. The exact requirement depends on the room type, extract rate, and how the space is used, so it's always worth having a survey before work starts rather than after.
MVHR (Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery) continuously extracts stale, humid air from wet rooms and supplies filtered fresh air to living spaces, recovering most of the heat in the process. It's especially valuable in well-insulated or airtight homes where natural background ventilation has been reduced. Whether you need it depends on your property's airtightness, layout, and how it's currently ventilated.
Common warning signs include condensation on windows, a musty smell in enclosed spaces, and dark spotting around cold-bridge areas such as loft/joist junctions, ceiling breaks, and the wall behind wardrobes pushed against external walls. Our humidity simulator further up this page gives an illustrative sense of risk, but a site survey is the only way to get an accurate picture.
As a general guide, filters are checked every six months and changed on the manufacturer's schedule, and the condensate trap and drain are checked with them. This is the part of a ventilation system almost everybody leaves alone, and it is the part that decides whether it still does what it was installed to do: filters load up gradually, the airflow falls with them, and a unit can be well down on the rate it was commissioned at before anyone notices anything except that the bathroom is taking longer to clear. Nothing warns you — there is no light on the wall, and the fan sounds the same. The only way to know is to measure it again, which is what a service visit is for. We run service plans for exactly this reason.
We cover most of South East London and the Bromley borough — Beckenham, Bromley, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Dulwich, Penge, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Catford, Crystal Palace, Petts Wood, Orpington, Blackheath, Lee, Eltham and the areas around them. If you're just outside, get in touch anyway: we travel further for larger installations and commercial fit-outs.
Not sure where to start?
Send us a message with what you have noticed at home. We will tell you honestly whether you need a survey, a system, or neither.
Or see what it costs — unlike most in this trade, we publish our prices.
Trained on the systems we install
Certificated — and here they are
Most trade sites show you a row of logos. These are the actual certificates, held by this
business. Tap either one to read it, or download the PDF.
12-month workmanship guaranteeOn top of the manufacturer’s warranty, which we register in your name. If anything we installed fails because of the way we installed it, we come back and put it right. What it covers.
Company no. 12092552Registered in England & Wales. Trading as Cavalli Ventilation since July 2019, and in ventilation since 2003.
Airflow measured on every installA calibrated anemometer at the grille, recorded and handed over. The only figure that counts is the one measured in your room.